Despite the existence of national and international legal frameworks, the use of electronic transferable records remains limited in market practice. This slow adoption continues to affect the speed of international trade. ICC France, the ICC...
Legaltech companies have emerged in recent years with a shared objective: to simplify and streamline the work of legal professionals and lawyers. Yet, as processes become increasingly digital and automated, the need for reliable evidence remains...
In December 2025, the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) fined Nationwide Building Society £44 million. The issue was not a suspicious transaction, but the institution’s failure to keep its customer due diligence records up to date and...
AI agents are becoming one of the most discussed developments in enterprise technology. The 2025 UK Government’s AI Opportunities Action Plan identifies AI as a major lever for economic growth and public service reform, with a clear policy...
Despite the existence of national and international legal frameworks, the use of electronic transferable records remains limited in market practice. This slow adoption continues to affect the speed of international trade. ICC France, the ICC...
An employee brings a claim for unpaid overtime before the Employment Tribunal. The employer produces records generated by its time-tracking software. The tribunal’s assessment extends beyond the accuracy of the data itself to its evidential...
Contracts, invoices, delivery notes, approvals, supporting documents and regulatory records: every day, businesses produce digital documents that may need to be reviewed, verified or produced as evidence several years after they were created.
For...
On 12 May 2026, the Third Labour Court of Parauapebas, Brazil, identified text written in white on a white background within a statement of claim. Invisible to the reader, it instructed the court’s AI system to analyse the filing only...
An investor clicks « Invest » on a Tuesday morning. Three weeks later, they dispute the transaction, claiming either that they never confirmed the investment order or that the withdrawal period had not yet expired when the order was...
Archiving metadata play a decisive role in preserving digital documents for evidential purposes. They make it possible to describe a file, establish its context, track its lifecycle and verify that it has not been altered since it was ingested...
The judgment of the Third Civil Chamber of the French Cour de cassation provides a useful reminder of the distinction between the evidential regimes applicable to qualified electronic signatures and advanced electronic signatures under the eIDAS...
Archive migration is not simply a matter of moving files from one server to another. For legal departments, IT departments and compliance teams, it directly affects the organisation’s future ability to produce reliable, usable and legally...
The sales team needs a customer relationship management tool. After only a few working sessions, a salesperson has generated a fully functional CRM using AI without writing a single line of code manually. Vibe coding has removed the technical...
L’intelligence artificielle a cessé d’être une technologie émergente pour devenir un pilier des opérations modernes, transformant la manière dont les entreprises rédigent leurs documents, gèrent l’information, collaborent avec leurs...
GitHub Copilot, Cursor, Tabnine and Claude Code have become embedded in modern development environments. They suggest, complete and generate code. For developers, coding with AI can represent a considerable gain in efficiency.
Yet this...
In practice, document fraud reflects a recurring difficulty: a company is exposed not merely to forgeries, but to documents that may be challenged. A version circulating without any reference framework, supporting evidence received outside the...
Dans un contexte de dématérialisation généralisée, les documents numériques s’échangent aujourd’hui sans difficulté… jusqu’au moment où ils deviennent discutés. Dès qu’un désaccord apparaît, l’enjeu devient probatoire :...
The digitisation of human resources processes has become widespread among French businesses. According to the Digiposte/OpinionWay 2025 Barometer, 68% of employees now receive their payslips in digital format.
However, a digital document is not...
Following the EU Omnibus Directive in 2022, the United Kingdom has in turn significantly strengthened its consumer protection framework. On 6 April 2025, a substantial part of the Digital Markets, Competition and Consumers Act 2024 (DMCC Act)¹...
To qualify for copyright protection, a substantial human contribution to the creation of a work of the mind must be demonstrated. US case law provides methodological guidance on how to pre-constitute evidence of human input in a work of art,...
En preuve numérique, la cryptographie s’appuie sur des mécanismes et des objets techniques : une empreinte calculée sur un document, une signature numérique apposée sur cette empreinte, une clé publique permettant la vérification, ou un...
Electronic timestamping addresses a straightforward evidential question: establishing that data (most often a cryptographic fingerprint) existed at a specific date and time, and that this date/time is verifiably linked to that data. In practice,...
In matters where a signature, seal or timestamp is relied upon, the evidential discussion often shifts to a more technical ground: PKI and certificates. The issue to be determined is rarely “is there a certificate?”, but rather: to which...
In an environment where electronic evidence must be beyond dispute, secure timestamping plays a fundamental role. The RFC 3161 protocol, defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), is the reference standard for generating cryptographic...
Archival for evidential purposes aims to ensure that a digital record is admissible and can be relied upon over time, rather than merely “storing” a file. The issue is not limited to retaining content, but extends to demonstrating its...
Where a file relies on digital documents, two questions regularly arise: who issued, validated or approved the document? and has the document remained unchanged since that moment? The eIDAS Regulation provides a harmonised European terminology...
In digital evidence systems (timestamping, sealing, archiving, logging), the API often serves as the gateway between a business application and a trust service: it formalises the exchange contract (request, response, status codes, authentication)...
Document fraud has changed in nature. Driven by generative artificial intelligence, it has become industrialised to the point where traditional detection mechanisms are structurally insufficient. What is missing from the strategy of most...
In the field of digital documents, evidentiary analysis in most matters relies on a number of structuring concepts: integrity, authenticity, traceability, chain of custody, evidence file and enforceability. These notions are addressed directly by...
Today, most invoices, contracts and exchanges with suppliers are digital. Since the early 2000s, digital documents and actions have enjoyed the same legal validity as paper documents, provided that certain conditions are met. In the event of a...
Digital transformation has fundamentally reshaped document management within organisations. The dematerialisation of contracts, invoices, client files, internal reports and supporting documentation has generated substantial productivity...
The European digital economy rests on a paradox: exchanges are instantaneous, cross-border and largely dematerialised, yet the reliable identification of individuals and organisations remains fragmented. Each service requires its own...
Digital transformation has fundamentally changed the way organisations create and exchange documents. Contracts, regulatory reports, internal decisions, invoices and certificates are now drafted, validated and retained in electronic form. This...
Medical data relates to an individual’s state of health, their care pathway, examinations, treatments and intimate aspects of private life. Its compromise may give rise to serious consequences: infringement of privacy, loss of trust, legal...
eIDAS compliance governs digital trust services within the European Union. It guarantees the legal effect of qualified electronic signatures, seals and timestamps. Organisations must incorporate these requirements into their business processes in...
The Data Act enshrines a fundamental principle: professional data generated through the use of digital services belongs to their users. This principle applies fully to electronic archives, qualified timestamps and digital evidence entrusted to...
Legal and compliance departments are facing a continuous increase in regulatory obligations. KYC, AML, price transparency, cybersecurity, artificial intelligence: compliance now relies on large volumes of data, dematerialised processes and an...
In 2025, the French courts of appeal delivered almost 200 decisions relating to electronic signatures. One trend stands out: a higher number of refusals than in 2024, primarily due to insufficient identification of signatories.
This observation...
As part of its work, the Senate delegation for forward planning has published a series of thematic reports devoted to the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the public service. The first report, submitted on 2 April 2024, focuses on the fight...
By a number of recent decisions, the Court of Cassation has accepted that the unlawful nature of a means of evidence does not necessarily lead to its exclusion from the proceedings. Does this mean that an employer may now, with impunity, resort...
In France, only 43.4% of employees receive their payslips via a digital safe [1]. This figure shows that, despite significant progress in the protection of dematerialised documents, access to secured data within organisations remains...
Over the years, contract lifecycle management has become standard practice in legal departments and contract management teams. CLM systems meet a clear operational need: to structure contract management, streamline contractual processes and...
Formal notices, termination letters and pre-action correspondence remain central to dispute management under UK law. In many disputes, the legal issue does not concern the substance of the message. It concerns the ability to demonstrate proof of...
In the age of artificial intelligence and hyper-connectivity, scraping embodies both the promise of unrestricted access to information and the risk of the silent appropriation of what, until recently, belonged to the private sphere.
Over recent months, a notable development has emerged regarding the judicial acceptance of electronic signatures at appellate court level, with a significantly higher rejection rate than had previously been observed. This article examines that...
An analysis of the liability of AI operators through an examination of the particularly broad scope of application of the European regulation on artificial intelligence and the bases for implementing that liability.
The future European digital identity wallet, expected by November 2026, is intended to simplify access to online services and administrative procedures, while restoring citizens’ control over their personal data within a trusted digital...
Emilie Calame has published a book simply entitled “Legal Operations”, addressing an emerging function that is reshaping the practice of the legal profession. Processes, efficiency, digitalisation, data and artificial intelligence lie at...
Your accounts department receives an invoice from a regular supplier. The amount, the bank details, the format: everything appears consistent. Yet the document has been falsified. The payment is transferred to a fraudulent account. This scenario,...
Generative artificial intelligence systems entered the public sphere less than a year ago and have already become established in both professional and personal life. Questions of trust arise in relation to training methods, the quality and...
The dematerialisation of exchanges and procedures has profoundly transformed the way organisations create, retain and present evidence. In this environment, the mere existence of an electronic document is no longer sufficient. Its evidential...
In December 2025, the “Intermarché wolf”[1] controversy highlighted a tension that has become central: the divide between human creation and content generated by artificial intelligence. Intermarché was forced to abandon its project to...
Artificial intelligence has radically transformed the way digital agencies create content. This has implications for copyright protection, which presupposes human intervention in the creative process.
In this interview conducted by Sylvie...
At the latest edition of the Assises de la sécurité held in October 2024 [1], legal issues relating to NIS2 [2] and DORA [3] were discussed at length. It nevertheless appeared necessary to take stock of other regulatory instruments that remain...
Unsurprisingly, 2025 saw a further increase in litigation relating to electronic signatures. Not only have decisions become more numerous, they have also extended to a wider range of sectors, including B2B leasing, which had until now appeared...
Road construction is, in principle, relatively straightforward. Hot asphalt is produced at the factory, transported by truck, and laid on site within a short time window, usually less than thirty minutes, before it cools and becomes unusable.
In...
Your organisation issues hundreds of invoices, payslips or purchase orders every month. These documents give rise to legal obligations and engage your responsibility. But how can you demonstrate that they genuinely originate from your...
As organisations generate, exchange and retain increasing volumes of sensitive data on a daily basis, ensuring the authenticity and integrity of that information has become a major issue. Businesses must now rely on a reliable digital trust...
Document fraud is now a significant risk factor for businesses, regardless of their size or industry. Document falsification, identity theft, alteration of supporting documents or production of false files directly expose the organisation to...
Your organisation retains hundreds of electronic documents: contracts executed online, email correspondence with business partners, electronic invoices. But when a dispute arises, will these materials carry evidential weight before the court? The...
Time synchronisation is a discreet yet fundamental technical base of digital systems. TheNetwork Time Protocol (NTP) is specifically intended to ensure the temporal alignment of machines connected to a network, by providing them with a shared...
The DESI (Digital Economy and Society Index), which monitors the digital maturity of EU members, remains a key benchmark for assessing the effectiveness of national digital strategies. While France continues to make progress, it still lags behind...
Hashing plays a decisive role in safeguarding digital documents. By generating a unique fingerprint for each file, it becomes possible to verify its integrity and to provide reliable evidence of its condition at a specific moment in time. This...
The European Union has introduced DORA Regulation to establish a consistent framework for managing technology-related risks and to enhance the capacity of financial institutions to sustain their operations, even in the event of major...
Your organisation is digitising its contracts. Your clients now expect signatures without the need to print, and electronic signatures have therefore become the natural alternative to handwritten signatures. Yet behind this single concept lie...
As the global economy becomes ever more digital and interconnected, organisations are rightly focused on securing individual identities, ensuring customer credentials, and deploying identity-wallets. But one critical dimension often remains...
Imagine your accounting department is facing a tax audit. The inspector requests the invoices from the last three years. Your teams can quickly find them in your Electronic Document Management (EDM) software.
But can they submit them as legal...
The European Union has strengthened its cybersecurity framework through the NIS 2 Directive, which seeks to establish a harmonised and enhanced level of protection for critical infrastructure. The Directive requires entities classified as...
The DORA Directive, the MiCA regulation, new obligations for fintechs… European regulations in 2025 are requiring businesses to strengthen their digital evidence trails. Document fraud costs over €65 billion each year, equivalent to 2.5% of...
As businesses produce and exchange an ever-increasing volume of digital documents, the question of how to preserve them securely and durably has become a strategic concern.
Electronic archiving is far more than simple storage, it is a structured...
As the digitisation of communications intensifies, the exchange of documents in electronic form has become the norm for both individuals and organisations. This structural shift, though already underway, has notably accelerated since the 2020...
The rise of digital technology and the dematerialisation of exchanges have significantly increased opportunities for fraud, leaving businesses more vulnerable to document manipulation. Fake bank account details, forged invoices, falsified...
The loss for companies affected by counterfeit trade is colossal. According to the OECD, which announced in February 2025 that global trade in counterfeits had reached USD 467 billion[1], the figures speak for themselves. It is therefore urgent...
As businesses continue to accelerate their digitisation efforts, ongoing concerns about security breaches and fraud continue to undermine confidence in electronic systems and documents. With increasing dependence on digital technologies,...
As digital becomes the norm, the collection of consent has become a critical issue for businesses and organisations both legally and ethically. Whether it involves complying with GDPR requirements, regulating healthcare practices, orsecuring...
The digitalisation of contracts has led to widespread use of electronic signatures, including for documents with significant legal implications. However, the evidentiary effectiveness of such signatures depends on various regulatory and technical...
The adoption of the Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) by the European Union in June 2024 sets a new precedent for the regulation of artificial intelligence across the bloc. Aimed at unifying AI governance, the regulation introduces a tiered...
Electronic Archiving is an essential component of digital evidence, as unlike paper evidence, it is more likely to alter over time. So far, in most European countries, local laws provided little to no definition for electronic archiving, leaving...
In the era of digital transformation, digitisation is emerging as a strategic necessity for businesses. By replacing physical documents with digital versions, this process offers numerous advantages: increased productivity, cost reduction, data...
With the increasing digitalisation of society, the insurance sector is undergoing significant transformation. One of the most notable changes is the shift towards online claims processing, which is reshaping traditional workflows.
To adapt to...
For lawyers and corporate legal teams, evidence lies at the heart of any contentious action. Whether defending a position or challenging that of the opposing party, success depends on assembling strong, admissible evidence that meets judicial...
Market data serves as a cornerstone in the financial industry, empowering banks and financial institutions to make well-informed decisions, streamline operations, and remain competitive in dynamic markets. However, the utilisation of such data...
The rise of digitalisation has led organisations and institutions to handle increasing volumes of electronic documents daily. However, this digital transformation comes with a significant risk: document fraud. Whether it’s the falsification of...
With the rise of digital transformation, more and more companies are adopting electronic signature solutions to sign contracts, quotes, purchase orders, and other documents securely. However, another solution deserves consideration to address the...
With the increasing risks of fraud, theft, and counterfeiting, businesses must ensure the authenticity and integrity of their critical documents and data. In this context, electronic seals play a pivotal role by guaranteeing the authenticity and...
With the increase in regulatory constraints and the acceleration of digital transactions, ensuring the security and compliance of data exchanges is a key issue for businesses and their clients. Qualified timestamping, electronic seals, and...
The COVID-19 pandemic of 2019 marked a global turning point in digital transformation, pushing companies to accelerate the digitisation of their operations. While some organisations have their technical departments spearheading this...
With the rise of online interactions, ensuring the security of transactions and protecting digital identity is essential. In this context, the eIDAS 2.0 regulation positions itself as a key element in building a secure and harmonised European...
At a time when technological innovation and digitalisation are rapidly transforming markets, ensuring transparency and accountability has become a cornerstone of digital trust. Governments and regulatory bodies around the world are striving to...
The practice of associating a date or even a time with an event or a document, also called “timestamping”, has its roots in the need to produce evidence to assert or confirm a right or an obligation during a dispute or litigation.
But how do...
Imagine a world where validating electronic invoices is hassle-free, secure, and beyond question. Timestamping has the potential to take us there. As we move towards an increasingly digital business environment, the role of timestamping has...
As the threats related to deepfakes and cybersecurity are growing, the need for secure and reliable methods to verify the authenticity of electronic documents has become more critical than ever. Timestamping is one such method that allows...
With the digitalization of entire sectors of the economy, certified timestamping has become increasingly important in commercial relations as it is one of the best ways to demonstrate that an action has been taken.
This article will explore the...
Nowadays, ensuring the integrity and authenticity of data has become a and strategic imperative. As businesses and individuals rely more on digital records and transactions, the need for reliable methods of verifying the creation and existence of...
