Your organisation is digitising its contracts. Your clients now expect signatures without the need to print, and electronic signatures have therefore become the natural alternative to handwritten signatures. Yet behind this single concept lie...
As part of its work, the Senate delegation for forward planning has published a series of thematic reports devoted to the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the public service. The first report, submitted on 2 April 2024, focuses on the fight...
In the age of artificial intelligence and hyper-connectivity, scraping embodies both the promise of unrestricted access to information and the risk of the silent appropriation of what, until recently, belonged to the private sphere.
Formal notices, termination letters and pre-action correspondence remain central to dispute management under UK law. In many disputes, the legal issue does not concern the substance of the message. It concerns the ability to demonstrate proof of...
Nowadays, ensuring the integrity and authenticity of data has become a and strategic imperative. As businesses and individuals rely more on digital records and transactions, the need for reliable methods of verifying the creation and existence of...
By a number of recent decisions, the Court of Cassation has accepted that the unlawful nature of a means of evidence does not necessarily lead to its exclusion from the proceedings. Does this mean that an employer may now, with impunity, resort...
An analysis of the liability of AI operators through an examination of the particularly broad scope of application of the European regulation on artificial intelligence and the bases for implementing that liability.
In France, only 43.4% of employees receive their payslips via a digital safe [1]. This figure shows that, despite significant progress in the protection of dematerialised documents, access to secured data within organisations remains...
As the global economy becomes ever more digital and interconnected, organisations are rightly focused on securing individual identities, ensuring customer credentials, and deploying identity-wallets. But one critical dimension often remains...
As the threats related to deepfakes and cybersecurity are growing, the need for secure and reliable methods to verify the authenticity of electronic documents has become more critical than ever. Timestamping is one such method that allows...
The rise of digitalisation has led organisations and institutions to handle increasing volumes of electronic documents daily. However, this digital transformation comes with a significant risk:document fraud. Whether it’s the falsification of...
In the era of digital transformation, digitisation is emerging as a strategic necessity for businesses. By replacing physical documents with digital versions, this process offers numerous advantages: increased productivity, cost reduction, data...
As organisations generate, exchange and retain increasing volumes of sensitive data on a daily basis, ensuring the authenticity and integrity of that information has become a major issue. Businesses must now rely on a reliable digital trust...
With the increasing digitalisation of society, the insurance sector is undergoing significant transformation. One of the most notable changes is the shift towards online claims processing, which is reshaping traditional workflows.
To adapt to...
Your accounts department receives an invoice from a regular supplier. The amount, the bank details, the format: everything appears consistent. Yet the document has been falsified. The payment is transferred to a fraudulent account. This scenario,...
The dematerialisation of exchanges and procedures has profoundly transformed the way organisations create, retain and present evidence. In this environment, the mere existence of an electronic document is no longer sufficient. Its evidential...
Generative artificial intelligence systems entered the public sphere less than a year ago and have already become established in both professional and personal life. Questions of trust arise in relation to training methods, the quality and...
Over recent months, a notable development has emerged regarding the judicial acceptance of electronic signatures at appellate court level, with a significantly higher rejection rate than had previously been observed. This article examines that...
Emilie Calame has published a book simply entitled “Legal Operations”, addressing an emerging function that is reshaping the practice of the legal profession. Processes, efficiency, digitalisation, data and artificial intelligence lie at...
The future European digital identity wallet, expected by November 2026, is intended to simplify access to online services and administrative procedures, while restoring citizens’ control over their personal data within a trusted digital...
Over the years, contract lifecycle management has become standard practice in legal departments and contract management teams. CLM systems meet a clear operational need: to structure contract management, streamline contractual processes and...
Time synchronisation is a discreet yet fundamental technical base of digital systems. TheNetwork Time Protocol (NTP) is specifically intended to ensure the temporal alignment of machines connected to a network, by providing them with a shared...
The rise of digital technology and the dematerialisation of exchanges have significantly increased opportunities for fraud, leaving businesses more vulnerable to document manipulation. Fake bank account details, forged invoices, falsified...
The European Union has strengthened its cybersecurity framework through the NIS 2 Directive, which seeks to establish a harmonised and enhanced level of protection for critical infrastructure. The Directive requires entities classified as...
The DORA Directive, the MiCA regulation, new obligations for fintechs… European regulations in 2025 are requiring businesses to strengthen their digital evidence trails. Document fraud costs over €65 billion each year, equivalent to 2.5% of...
As the digitisation of communications intensifies, the exchange of documents in electronic form has become the norm for both individuals and organisations. This structural shift, though already underway, has notably accelerated since the 2020...
At the latest edition of the Assises de la sécurité held in October 2024 [1], legal issues relating to NIS2 [2] and DORA [3] were discussed at length. It nevertheless appeared necessary to take stock of other regulatory instruments that remain...
Unsurprisingly, 2025 saw a further increase in litigation relating to electronic signatures. Not only have decisions become more numerous, they have also extended to a wider range of sectors, including B2B leasing, which had until now appeared...
Artificial intelligence has radically transformed the way digital agencies create content. This has implications for copyright protection, which presupposes human intervention in the creative process.
In this interview conducted by Sylvie...
In December 2025, the “Intermarché wolf”[1] controversy highlighted a tension that has become central: the divide between human creation and content generated by artificial intelligence. Intermarché was forced to abandon its project to...
Road construction is, in principle, relatively straightforward. Hot asphalt is produced at the factory, transported by truck, and laid on site within a short time window, usually less than thirty minutes, before it cools and becomes unusable.
In...
Your organisation issues hundreds of invoices, payslips or purchase orders every month. These documents give rise to legal obligations and engage your responsibility. But how can you demonstrate that they genuinely originate from your...
Document fraud is now a significant risk factor for businesses, regardless of their size or industry. Document falsification, identity theft, alteration of supporting documents or production of false files directly expose the organisation to...
Hashing plays a decisive role in safeguarding digital documents. By generating a unique fingerprint for each file, it becomes possible to verify its integrity and to provide reliable evidence of its condition at a specific moment in time. This...
Your organisation retains hundreds of electronic documents: contracts executed online, email correspondence with business partners, electronic invoices. But when a dispute arises, will these materials carry evidential weight before the court? The...
The DESI (Digital Economy and Society Index), which monitors the digital maturity of EU members, remains a key benchmark for assessing the effectiveness of national digital strategies. While France continues to make progress, it still lags behind...
As digital becomes the norm, the collection of consent has become a critical issue for businesses and organisations both legally and ethically. Whether it involves complying with GDPR requirements, regulating healthcare practices, orsecuring...
The loss for companies affected by counterfeit trade is colossal. According to the OECD, which announced in February 2025 that global trade in counterfeits had reached USD 467 billion[1], the figures speak for themselves. It is therefore urgent...
As businesses continue to accelerate their digitisation efforts, ongoing concerns about security breaches and fraud continue to undermine confidence in electronic systems and documents. With increasing dependence on digital technologies,...
The digitalisation of contracts has led to widespread use of electronic signatures, including for documents with significant legal implications. However, the evidentiary effectiveness of such signatures depends on various regulatory and technical...
The adoption of the Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) by the European Union in June 2024 sets a new precedent for the regulation of artificial intelligence across the bloc. Aimed at unifying AI governance, the regulation introduces a tiered...
The European Union has introduced DORA Regulation to establish a consistent framework for managing technology-related risks and to enhance the capacity of financial institutions to sustain their operations, even in the event of major...
Electronic Archiving is an essential component of digital evidence, as unlike paper evidence, it is more likely to alter over time. So far, in most European countries, local laws provided little to no definition for electronic archiving, leaving...
Market data serves as a cornerstone in the financial industry, empowering banks and financial institutions to make well-informed decisions, streamline operations, and remain competitive in dynamic markets. However, the utilisation of such data...
For lawyers and corporate legal teams, evidence lies at the heart of any contentious action. Whether defending a position or challenging that of the opposing party, success depends on assembling strong, admissible evidence that meets judicial...
With the rise of digital transformation, more and more companies are adopting electronic signature solutions to sign contracts, quotes, purchase orders, and other documents securely. However, another solution deserves consideration to address the...
With the increasing risks of fraud, theft, and counterfeiting, businesses must ensure the authenticity and integrity of their critical documents and data. In this context, electronic seals play a pivotal role by guaranteeing the authenticity and...
The COVID-19 pandemic of 2019 marked a global turning point in digital transformation, pushing companies to accelerate the digitisation of their operations. While some organisations have their technical departments spearheading this...
With the increase in regulatory constraints and the acceleration of digital transactions, ensuring the security and compliance of data exchanges is a key issue for businesses and their clients. Qualified timestamping, electronic seals, and...
With the rise of online interactions, ensuring the security of transactions and protecting digital identity is essential. In this context, the eIDAS 2.0 regulation positions itself as a key element in building a secure and harmonised European...
Imagine a world where validating electronic invoices is hassle-free, secure, and beyond question. Timestamping has the potential to take us there. As we move towards an increasingly digital business environment, the role of timestamping has...
Your organisation is digitising its contracts. Your clients now expect signatures without the need to print, and electronic signatures have therefore become the natural alternative to handwritten signatures. Yet behind this single concept lie...
At a time when technological innovation and digitalisation are rapidly transforming markets, ensuring transparency and accountability has become a cornerstone of digital trust. Governments and regulatory bodies around the world are striving to...
Imagine your accounting department is facing a tax audit. The inspector requests the invoices from the last three years. Your teams can quickly find them in your Electronic Document Management (EDM) software.
But can they submit them as legal...
With the digitalization of entire sectors of the economy, certified timestamping has become increasingly important in commercial relations as it is one of the best ways to demonstrate that an action has been taken.
This article will explore the...
The practice of associating a date or even a time with an event or a document, also called “timestamping”, has its roots in the need to produce evidence to assert or confirm a right or an obligation during a dispute or litigation.
But how do...
As businesses produce and exchange an ever-increasing volume of digital documents, the question of how to preserve them securely and durably has become a strategic concern.
Electronic archiving is far more than simple storage, it is a structured...